William Blake Essay Example for Free

William Blake EssaySongs of Innocence and Songs of Experience appear to be quite simplistic on first reading. Explain how Blake uses imagery, condition and language in these verses, and what their content reveals ab out(a) the times in which they were written and Blakes beliefsIn m some(prenominal) of the songs from his Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience collections, William Blake writes, at first sight, somewhat simplistically and often in nursery rhymes about life in the 18th century. However, a disturbing picture of poverty, exploitation, hypocrisy and moral descent emerges from the stories of ordinary people and, in particular, children, some of which is hidden and only becomes appargonnt when we analyse Blakes imagery and language more than nigh(a)ly. William Blake was born in London in 1757 to a poor family. He grew up without a formal education yet later studied drawing at a school on the Strand. In the wee 1770s, he became a student at the Royal Academy wh ere he studied Arts and then was apprenticed to a historied engraver, James Basire. Even though his engravings were good, he was only moderately successful with his work. However, his English skills were amazing for an autodidact.Historically, he witnessed many distinguishable crimsonts such as the industrial Revolution, French Revolution and Ameri foot Independence, which in turn influenced him, his writing style and his radical Christian and political views. Indeed, this can be seen in his legacy, and he is ceaselessly referring to the struggles of London and its people during the industrial whirling in his poems.The Industrial Revolution was the major shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread byout the world. During that time, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by manufacturing and the manufacture of and with machinery Blake was well aware of the changes around him and saw them as a change for the worse rather than the better. Child labour increased, the population increased, churches promoted the wrong bringing close togetherls, and Blake was untamed and frustrated. He wanted a different kind of change and could not establish it, thus he begun working on his poems most of which have a hidden or subliminal message to them.His first crop of poems were published in 1783, entitled Poetical Sketches and was seen by many as an immature set. His sulphur volume of poems were then published in 1789 and were entitled Songs of Innocence. This set contains some of his most famous work and is still read by many. His terzetto set was published in 1793, entitled Songs of Experience, and it includes many poems that have to be seen as the counterparts of those published in 1789, for modeling the pair The lamb and The Tyger.The Lamb is from Songs of Innocence and The Tyger is from Songs of Experience. A lamb symbolises innocence because it is pure and exsanguinous, a colour which is usually associated with heaven and God. For example the alliterative term meek and he is mild, is used this shows that the lamb is vulnerable. in spite of appearance this poem there are lots of examples of pastoral imagery and repetition with L in Little Lamb shows that he is only small identical a baby and has to rely on someone or something else, lamb can in any case be linked to Jesus the lamb of God. The l well-grounded is a very soft sound and this is why it can be linked back to vulnerability.The Tyger in the poem Tyger represents evil and the damage that the industrial revolution was causing at the time. In the very first line of the poem it says burning b right-hand(a), this represents the fire inside the belly of the industries the effect of the harsh sounding head rhyme of these two words is that it even outs the reader feel very fearful at the fact that the industrialisation is becoming stronger and stronger. These two poems are different because they use different symbolisms The Lamb poem uses symbolism linking to innocence and pastoral imagery of streams and meads in the countryside, whilst The Tyger poem uses symbolisms of a strong and scary creature that symbolises the industrial towns that crush things that get in their counsel, for example What the hammer? What the chain, In what furnace of thy brain? shows materials that would have been used during the industrial revolution.These two poems both have different structures as well because The Lamb has two stanzas and The Tyger has five stanzas, the effect that this has is that it makes the Tyger poem seems longer and not as connected as the Lamb poem. These two poems are similar in the way that they both seem to be asking a lot of questions, although The Lamb does not have any question marks you can still make out questions that are asked, for example Dost thou know who made thee.The Tyger asks a lot more questions and you can pick them out b ecause they are punctuated which makes them stand out more, also a major difference is that the questions in The Lamb are answered, whereas the ones in The Tyger are not and the effect that this creates is one of doubt because you do not know what the answers are. These poems illustrate that during the time that Blake lived there was an industrial revolution and the countryside, the meek and mild lamb was being destroyed by this fearsome Tyger (the industrial revolution)I will now focus on the two poems The Chimney Sweeper one of which is from the book the Songs of Innocence and the other from the Songs of Experience.In the Songs of Innocence book the poem called The Chimney Sweeper, explores the life of a unfledged child, a chimney sweeper and also contains pastoral imagery that is similar to those used in The Lamb for example Bright key and wash in a river and shine in the Sun which create an effect of purity and peacefulness in the world.Similarly to The Lamb, a child is used b y the poet in order to establish a sense of innocence with the reader, this can be identified when the narrator says I was very young and the fact that the boy is a chimney sweeper. This effect of a child as a narrator is that it can be used as a sign of innocence.The mood and tone of the poem is then helped, which evokes sympathy from the reader and reveals how faith is restored into the child through God. The positive mood and tone of the poem is created by help from the pastoral and bright imagery.In the Chimney Sweeper religion is portrayed in a positive light and Blake shows this through the reverie of a chimney sweeper. In the dream, an Angel who had a bright key, And he opend the coffins set them all free which was Blake trying to express that new life is effrontery to people and that if you follow Gods rules, you will be happy in your afterlife no matter how miserable your current life is. He also gives more pastoral imagery of a green plain which is less industrial and m ore natural.In addition, in The Chimney Sweeper religion is degraded as the narrator, who has had experience now, blames the God his Priest King for his misfortunes, as well as his parents. Darker imagery and language is now used by Blake such as pocket-size black thing among the snow to describe the children, showing how a once pure and innocent child can be turned into the opposite through experience and society. The narrator then reflects upon how harsh the times were for him as a child by revealing They clothed me in the clothes of death which heart he was left for death by his parents.Religious hypocrisy was one aspect Blake was strongly against, this was the idea that the Church was trying to tell people the right thing to do, but in fact were doing the exact opposite by neglecting the children and imposing fear into people using God.The Chimney Sweeper has six quatrains but the sentences are shorter in comparison to Holy thorium. The poem also has rhyming couplets and thi s continues the song- deal rhythm that Blake creates in his Songs of Innocence poems. The speaker is a young boy, a chimney sweeper, and the poem is written from his point of view. By having the young boy as the speaker it allows Blake to evoke pity from the reader and allows Blake to describe how life was for a young chimney sweeper through a first-person perspective.Similarly to the two sweeper poems, there is another set of poems that carries the same tile, Holy Thursday and, thus refers to the Thursday before Easter, the day of the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles. The Holy Thursday included in the Songs of Innocence consists of much longer lines than the other poems and could almost be described as a narrative poem. The tone and rhythm however is similar to all of those previously featured in the Songs of Innocence section like a nursery rhyme.The first stanza opens positively and cheerfully, with children attending a service, their innocent faces clean. This once again incites us of the childrens innocence and how they can still get close to God, in particular when Blake later likens them to lambs again. However, we somehow also get an image of happy children who have made an effort to be clean for their church call up and/or whose faces are not stained yet by the loss of innocence, and the colours of their clothes, red blue green, also sound cheerful.However, the colour imagery continues and we briefly realise that the children have only been dressed up for church because they are chimney sweeper groups following their Grey- headed beadles. In contrast to the children who are unlikely to even grow up, they have had the chance to grow old. The reference to the colour white in the parable with wands as white as snow is ironic. While white usually stands for innocence, we know that wands are a symbol of oppression and control, and the snow might well represent the coldness of the beadles hearts.Once again, the children are depersonalise d in the simile they like Thames waters flow into the church. There are multitudes and Thousands of them, and there is no room to pay them individual attention. However, Blake also describes them as the flowers of London, perhaps ironically to remind us that we should allow children to bloom and that flowers are usually growing and beautiful, in contrast to the children who will die early. In addition, when the whole experience seems rather control because the children have to walk in two two and sit in companies. It almost is an image of military discipline. It is highly ironic when Blake describes the beadles as the childrens wise guardians, when any wisdom they may have gained is only used to oppress the children and their actions overall show everything but wisdom.The strength of the childrens voices is shown when Blake describes their voices as a mighty wind they prepare to heaven. Metaphorically, wind can blow bad things away, and perhaps the children could change society i f given the chance. They certainly seem to have the energy and drive. Blake also uses a biblical reference in the last line of the poem, Then cherish pity, lets you drive an angel from your door. This is a reference to Hebrews 132, Be not forgetful to admit strangers, for thereby some have entertained angels unawares. This regent(postnominal) quote implies that we must be good to our fellow man as they may have just been sent by God to test us. Thus, the innocent children should of course be treated particularly well.I will now focus finally on one of his most famous poems London from the Songs of Experience.The whole of the poem shows William Blakes view of London during the 18th Century, he describes the oppression inflicted on the civilians both by themselves and by others. Blakes attitude to society, as he describes it in his poem London, shows London to be controlled by bureaucratic laws. This is shown by the mentioning of charterd streets, charters were given to people who were richer or more powerful than most and it allowed them to control the streets of London. Blake also mentions the Thames at this point to emphasise the extremity of the control by saying the charterd Thames, obviously it is ridiculous attempt to control the river. Blake puts a large emphasis onto the depair affecting everyone by the repetition of every there is also an exaggeration of of the negative feeling by the repetition of cry.In the third stanza Blake places some of the responsibility onto the church, the church is metaphorically described as blakening to represent the guilt. There is also a juxtaposition in this line, appalls is exaggerating the blame of the church as well as meaning goes pale which is a juxtaposition with blackening. Blake also connects the chimney-sweeper with the church because they are often in need of the churchs help but are oftened turned away, this is why the blakening church also represents the smoke and soot.During this time many feared a revol ution as one had occured recently in France, it is obvious that Blake also feared a revolution as he mentions the hapless soldiers blood rivulet down the palace walls this shows he believes that if the unhappiness of the soldiers is continually ignored by those running the country a revolution is inevatable. The final stanza concentrates on marriage and new-life, both of which should bring happeness, instead Blake sees new-life as just continueing the cycle of the corruption, and he critisises the reasons for marriage, believing that many marry for convenience rather than marrying for love. Blake also critisises the youthful harlot and uses the word plaugue to suggest STDs which will be contracted and passed on. Blake uses immagery to put across his view, with the main idea being the constraint and lack of freedom for everyone within London.The poems from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience have more meaning than the reader might first imagine collectable to mainly the even ts that were surrounding their author William Blake at the time of their writing. By the harsh reality of London at that time Blake incorporates the Chimney sweeps, Charity schools, London in general and the industrial revolution into his poems. He does not openly state what each poem is about but within in writing we can pick up on ideas and themes that influenced him to write these poems. While reading these poems people pick up on the things happening at the time due to the lucubrate in which they are described in poetry. These poems are not just poems, they are more like Blakes autobiography on his life through the form of media he liked best, poetry.

Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering EssayWith the disc everyplacey of DNA and unravelling the familial code it contains, molecular biologists cistronrate fin anyy come close to understanding what determines the form and function of organisms and can use this to design organisms at will. This is illustrated by the experiments on the transgenic fruit fly which has eyes on its antennae (Walter Gehring, Basel Biocentre, Switzerland. see the year 1994 in http//www.if ingredient.org/history.htm ). This new technology will have more benefits for hu firearm existence than all the past technologies put together. Scientists ar no closer to understanding what determines the form and function of a living organism than they were a century ago ahead the term gene was coined. As Craig Venter, a leader in the Human Genome Project put it We know shit about biology. Scientists have tended to concentrate on physical causality genes determine form and function but they are looking in the wro ng place. Genes and their straightlaced expression as structural, regulatory or enzymic proteins are merely one of the necessary conditions for the idea underlying an organism to manifest.The essence of the organism is its entelechy or telos. Other necessary conditions for an organism to manifest include nutrient, water, warmth, light and many other factors to do with the earth as a planet in a cosmos. The optimistic predictions of the molecular biologists and inherited engineers is reminiscent of those offered by the early proponents of nuclear power. In the 1950s, electricity was forecast to become too cheap to make it worth metering, but the reality is that society is left with a legacy of nuclear waste the cost of dealing with which will place an immeasurable burden on future generations. Ever since agriculture and the domestication of animals and plants began, man has been modifying their genetic make-up by selective breeding (e.g. broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cabbage came from a single species of mustard). Traditional breeding involves gene exchange in the proper context indoors which they function with all the checks and balances of the biological processes of the organism itself and of the organisms normal interaction with its environment. GE is out of context. GMOs often behave very differently when taken from the laboratory, greenhouse or field trial situation into the real-life context where they will be used, e.g. a gene for red flowers was inserted into a white petunia. The petunia glumred but also produced more leaves and shoots, had lower fertility and was more resistant to fungi. None of these additional effects was predicted. Over 90% of transgenic plants are toss during the development process, most even before the plants leave the laboratory. The reason for so many rejects is because they do not express the desired gene or they are made unhealthy by the genetic engineering. Ever since man began to ferment fruit and milk products th ousands of years ago, he has been using biotechnology.Traditional biotechnology uses intrinsic organisms in contexts to which they are adapted whereas GE creates completely new genetic make-ups that could never have come about by natural processes. All attempts to settle what species barriers are have so far had various shortcomings. The genomes of many organisms can be shown to contain gene sequences from totally unrelated organisms which might commonly be assumed to be on the other side of a species barrier (e.g. the mariner sequence in the fruit fly Drosophila, is also in humans). Mules (horse x donkey) have long since existed, but nobody is complaining and the technique of grafting different plants/trees onto each other is ancient.GE crosses species barriers. Crosses are made which would never slip away in nature. All technology is unnatural (unless we hold that man and all his creations are part of the totality of nature). (see Shakespeare, A Winters Tale, IVIII82-103)GE is unnatural. We have consciously interfered with evolution through breeding, habitat management and even selection of our own spouses for millennia without any noticeable dire consequences.Scrambling genomes will lead to total funny house in evolution. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. (Genesis 126)Human beings are themselves part of nature, creatures within creation. Human discovery and cunning can be thought of as resulting from the exercise of God-given powers of mind and reason. (Church of England Board)Biotechnologists are playing God. GE is a very precise way of introducing desirable traits into economically useful organisms. The techniques are improving all the time and it is increasingly possible to insert genes at a precise locus in the host organisms genome. T his is called gene targeting.GE disrupts the integrity of the recipient genomewith unpredictable side effects including gene silencing both of the inserted gene and other unrelated genes in the organism. GE cannot readily ascendancy the number of copies of the gene that are inserted into the host, nor where in the genome they will end up. Inserted genes can disrupt the function of existing genes in ways, which may not show up until later generations. GE often, but not always, needs to use bacteria, viruses or plasmids as vectors to shuttle the genes of interest into the target organisms. Having the parts of their genomes removed that would make them unhealthful cripples these vectors. As the technology improves it becomes less necessary to use infective agents as vectors.GE makes use of pathogenic organisms much(prenominal) as viruses and bacteria as vectors of the gene that is being transferred. In other words, the target organism has to be made ill just to get the gene in, some times with tragic consequences.The pathogens can pop out the target organism or could spread into the environment with unpredictable and dangerous consequences. Even crippled vectors can recombine DNA and therefore genes with their normal counterparts in their surroundings and thus suddenly and unpredictably become infective. Molecular biologists acknowledge that they are only modifying one aspect of an organisms totality. However, they examine the organisms produced in detail, sometimes victorious them through breeding programs for years to be sure that they are behaving in the way that other normal members of the same species behave which have not had the genetic modification. The reductionist thinking of genetic determinism, which believes that the genetic make-up is what makes the organism what it is, dominates GE. An organism is as much an expression of its environment as it is of its genes. Concentrating on the genes, therefore, is one-sided. Furthermore, the organisation w ithin a cell and its interaction with other cells is also inherited along with the genes. An organism is as dependent for its survival as much on these epigenetic factors as on its genome. The fact that horizontal gene transfer occurs all the time in nature, (e.g. the constant exchange of genetic information between bacteria, viruses etc, or the rarer jumps of genes such as may have contributed to the ubiquity of the mariner sequence listed above) and has caused no problems, can be taken as evidence that it poses no serious danger.GE exposes people to the increased dangers of horizontal gene transfer, a process whereby genes are passed not vertically down the generations in the usual way but horizontally from organism to organism and from species to species. Enzymes can be produced from GM microorganisms for use in industrial processes including food manufacture.Industrial enzymes used in anything from washing powders to food bear upon are already a major source of allergies. GE does involve some risk taking but all procedures are subject to unrelenting risk analysis and monitoring. The risk is therefore minimal. No popular technology is without risk, e.g. the motorcar that kills tens of thousands each year.GE is potentially dangerous and therefore involves taking risks. The consequences could be devastating and irreversible. Furthermore, the adverse consequences could take years to show and the company liable for any damages may have long since ceased trading.

Market and economic analysis of Cadburys

commercialize placeplace and economic analysis of CadburysCadbury was formed by a merger in 1969 . Since then the business has expanded into a leading international confecti mavenry and beverages go with. Through an active programme of both acquisitions and disposals the party has created a strong portfolio of brands which are sold in almost every country in the world. Cadbury has nearly 54,000 employees and produces Fast Moving Consumer unplayfuls (FMCG).Its products fall into two main categories confectioneryBeverages.Its portfolio of brands include leading regional and topical anesthetic brands such as Schweppes, Dr Pepper, Orangina, Halls, Trebor, Hollywood, Bournvita, and of course, the Cadbury masterbrand itself. These Products are sold in a range of countries depending on consumer preferences and tastes.The kernel purpose of Cadbury is works together to create brands people love. It aims to be judged as a company that is among the very best in the business world flou rishing, significant and admired. The company has instal five goals to achieve this, one of which relates to Corporate Social certificate of indebtedness (CSR) To be admired as a great company to work for and one that is socially responsible to its communities and consumers across the globeCadbury plc is a leading global confectionery company with an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum and candy brands. It has egress one or number two positions in oer 20 of the worlds 50 largest confectionery markets. Cadbury also has the largest and most broadly spread emerging markets business of any confectionery company. With origins reach back nearly 200 years, Cadburys brands include many global, regional and local favourites including Cadbury, Creme testicle, Flake and Green Blacks in chocolate Trident, Clorets, Dentyne, Hollywood, Bubbaloo and Stimorol in gum and Halls, Cadbury Eclairs and The Natural candy store Company in candy. (Cadbury, 2010).Impact of social welfare and indus trial form _or_ system of government initiatives on Cadburys and the wider federationThe Cadbury Foundation, set up in 1935, is a corporate radix working under charity commission guidelines, now funded by kraft Foods. The Foundation believes, as the Cadbury Br another(prenominal)s did all those years ago, that making a positive release in our local community is non precisely good saucilys for the community but also good for business. They want The Cadbury Foundation to make the most impact possible in local communities. The Foundation in that respectfore focuses its funding on the areas which we think are really important, they reflect the needs of everyday purlieu employability, enterprise, the environment, London 2012, and health and welfare. Doing this agency that we can focus our funding and answer to make a bigger impact. The Foundation is managed by the Chair, Neil Makin, a retired Cadbury executive, and six trustees. They impact three times a year, in the Spring, Summer and Autumn to consider requests for funding .The Cadburys group has a Corporate Community Investment strategy of Creating nurse in the Community. This focuses on creating community partnerships that generate real, sustainable added value inEducation and enterpriseHealth and welfareThe environment.EIRIS (Ethical Investment Research Service) survey 2002 comm stop the company for its carefully structured community involvement programme. CTB is also a member of the Business in the Community Percent Club CTBs community contribution was about two of its UK pre-tax pro obliges.In 2001 CTB launched its Community You Can Make a Difference programmes to maximise the impact of the business, its employees and community partners. Over 1,500 of the companys 7,000 workforce fuck off been tough so far. Stakeholder expectations Cadbury Schweppes core purpose is Working together to create brands people love.The success of the transcription in meeting this purpose can be measured in term s of the value created for shareholders. However, this success is achievable only if the company respects its commitment to every one of its stakeholders.CTB believes in creating prosperous, educated and socially inclusive communities, not only because this is part of the companys heritage but because it is the right thing to do and makes good business sense.Corporate Community Investment has always been a core part of CTBs business philosophy. It is also close tothing that its stakeholders expect. Stakeholders are the groups and individuals that play a part in an ecesis.The external environmentSuccessful businesses seek to create a fit between their line of business, way of operating and external environment. In new-fashioned years, there concord been attempts to make UK society more inclusive. Groups that used to be handle as outsiders (e.g. disabled people, single parent families, people living in areas of poverty and educational disadvantage) are being brought into the mai nstream of social and economic activity.The current UK authorities is promoting social inclusion and the part that businesses can play in bringing it about. For example, the government has encouraged businesses to work in partnership with government agencies and the local community toImprove education and training opportunitiesSupport small local businessesPromote housing projectsCreate employment opportunities through Welfare to Work programme.In the sophisticated world the obligations of business to society have broadened and companies standardized CTB are building on a heritage of good citizenship in a more strategic way.CTBs community contributions take many forms e.g. cash grants, sponsorship, donations in kind, as well as the time, effort and skills that CTB people put into the communities in which they live and work.Impact of macro-economic policy and the invite of global economy on Cadburys.Here is a terrific example of how a long established business sees an emerging ec onomy not just opportunity for growing sales and profits but also as a magnetic core for production.MY evaluation of the impact of macro-economic policy is Spurred on by rising incomes and consumer demand, Cadburys is hoping to consolidate its dominant position in the Indian chocolate market by encouraging coconut plantations to switch production and establish a much bigger cocoa production capacity in India. The incentives to expand cocoa supply in India are strengthened by the 30% responsibility imposed on imports of cocoa into India from countries such as Ghana and the Ivory Coast. The FT reports that Cadburys is hoping to source all of its cocoa beans domestically by 2015 and coconut farmers whitethorn hold the pick out as cocoa seedlings grow alongside coconut palms in southern India and therefore do not require fresh clear of forests for plantations.The FT article claims that Cadbury controls more than 70 per cent of the chocolate market in India with a presence in 1.2m st ores while Nestl controls about 25 per cent. It enjoys a dominant position in a market where sales are rising by more than 20 per cent per year.Reinforcing that market dominance is tombstone for Cadburys it has spent heavily on marketing revamped chocolate brands in the Indian market including heavy cricket-related sponsorship but having a domestic supply chain leave alone do more that pure marketing plays to keep their profits rising.Embroiled in what looks likely to be a protracted takeover bid from Kraft, Cadburys has suffered a blow with the news that its share of the UK confectionery market has dipped below 30 per cent for the first time in a while. The Times reports that Cadburys bunch of the chocolate market by value slipped 1.7 per cent to 29.8 per cent last month, the first time that it has fallen below 30 per cent all year. Market share of Mars, its biggest rival, slipped 0.6 per cent in the period. There are signs that aggressive pricing of basic chocolate bars by di scount retailers such as Aldi and Lidl is having an do so too is the growth of sales for own-brand bars offered by Tesco, Sainsburys and the ongoing battle for customers between Waitrose and Marks and Spencer. Some customers have complained about a 75% rise in the price of a 230g bar of Dairy take out in the last 12 months. advanced world cocoa prices have explained some of the price hike but Cadburys tactic of launching a new 100g bar priced at 1 had led some to claim that their are on purpose trying to anchor their prices at a higher level to raise profit margins as a defence against the takeover bid. The decline in market share suggests that chocoholics are more price sensitive than Cadburys might have forecast.More than 3,000 Cadbury employees face a three-year remunerate freeze unless they opt out of the confectioners final examination salary pension scheme.New owners Kraft Foods, the US food group, has told 3,600 staff that they must accept a pay cap after it discovered an befog clause in Cadburys pension trust deed that makes it almost impossible to close the scheme.Kraft did not know about the clause, which is at least 30 years old, until after it acquired Cadbury for 11.6bn ($17.6bn).A person with knowledge of the Cadbury pension fund say he did not know why such an unusual clause existed, but it could be linked to Cadburys Quaker heritage and its doctrine of giving a fair deal to staff and suppliers. Kraft is forcing employees to accept a pay freeze because it believes this is the only way it can get its hereafter retirement costs under control. The scheme is unaffordable going forward, said one person involvedKraft came under fire from British workers over its broken promise to save from closure the Somerdale factory in Keynsham, Bristol, thereby safeguarding 400 jobsReader M.P., a retired money manger who ran a top-rated fund notedSo Kraft did not do collectable diligence and now it wants to play dirty. Is it any approve that American f inance is now despised everywhere, even in the U.KYves here. So welcome to 21st century capitalism, where vigilance never has to admit, much the less lead the consequences of its errors. Just take it out of the hide of the little guy.My evaluation of the stoop of the global economy isThe takeover battle for Cadbury is all but lost, but the semipolitical battle may have only just begun. The sight of one of the most famous names in British industry falling to a hostile foreign bid would be controversial at the best of times, yet just months ahead a general election, the triumph of City short-termism over the job prospects of thousands of manufacturing workers could prove even more toxic than the recent furore over bank bonuses.To make matters worse, the government has al set conceded there is little industrial logic behind Krafts bid all about making a fast buck is how Peter Mandelson dismissed the original approach. The public intervention of the muckle secretary marked a major shift in New Labour thinking towards the openness of the British economy, which has hitherto been held up as one our strengths. But with unemployment rising, and British companies blocked from making foreign acquisitions, it has become harder and harder to defend the tendency of British institutional investors to cut and run at the first opportunity. The Tories, who have been suspiciously quiet on the subject, will find it difficult to sit on the fence during an election campaign fought across the dozens of marginal lay in Cadburys West Midlands heartland.A chocolate manufacturer might seem an odd choice of battleground. Though it employs some 6,000 people in the UK (45,000 people globally and many more indirectly) this is no high-tech industry of the future. But politicians of all persuasions are beginning to question the cumulative affect of Britains relatively open market in corporate control. My own estimate is that around 50 leading companies (of a size to qualify for entry t o the FTSE-100) have been swallowed up in recent years. In contrast, I can only think of handful of really large acquisitions made by British multinationals BPs takeovers of Amoco and Atlantic Richfield, Vodafones bids for Mannesman and Airtouch and the distastrous Royal posit of Scotland purchase of ABN Amro.By any international standards, the roll call of British names to lose their independence is stunning. In fact, its worth reading the rough and ready list I complied in full to see just how many household names have goneThe mission and determine statement for CadburysCadburys means quality, this is our promise .our reputation is built upon quality , our commitment to continual improvement will insure that our promise is deliveredSocial responsibleA case could be made that shareholders will have a different view of social responsibility to employees in a business. The employees seek better pay and conditions, and opportunities for personal growing and a career ladder. The sha reholders seek increases in share prices and good levels of dividend. However, the two are really interlinked. A company that provides good working conditions and values its employees will benefit from committed, hard working employees who enhance long term profits.Cadbury Schweppes takes its corporate social responsibility agenda seriously. As such it is a member of organisations like Business in the Community, International Business Leaders Forum and the Institute of Business Ethics. These organisations seek to improve the impact companies have on society. A key part of the Cadbury Schweppes approach to business lies in its good behaviour and close relationship with its stakeholder groups. As a company it believes that Respecting human rights and trading ethically is central to the way we work, not just within our owned and operated businesses but also in how we interact with our wider value chain.*In Our Business Principles Cadbury Schweppes continues We believe that good mora lity and good business go together naturally, to produce the best long term results for all our stakeholders.The original Cadbury company was heavily influenced by the Quaker values of the Cadbury family who started the chocolate business over 150 years ago. The Quakers promote justice, equality and social reform. The legacy of these ideals informs Cadburys culture today and unites its many businesses around the world who advocate this heritage and act in an ethical manner.From the outset, Cadbury treated employees with respect and cared for their welfare. The companys site at Bournville, near Birmingham, has always been more than just a factory having great amenities such as housing, sports facilities and parks all being part of the original complexOwnersKraft is the main shareholder of Cadbury,U.S. food giant Kraft today won its five-month battle for control of Cadbury after shareholders backed its takeover offer.The vote paves the way for Kraft to snap up Cadbury ending its 18 6-year history as an independent company.Krafts cash-and-shares deal, recommended by the Cadbury board two weeks ago, values the UK firm at around 11.4 billion.Krafts announcement came after one of its key shareholders revealed it had voted against the firms plans to sell new shares to help fund the proposed Cadbury takeoverHowever, Hathaway, which owns 9.4% of Kraft, said it might change its vote if the final bid does not destroy value for Kraft shareholders.BBC business editor Robert Peston said that, as a result, Krafts plans to buy Cadbury were now in jeopardProductsCadbury chocolateCadbury Creme Egg Twisted BarCadbury Double DeckerCurly WurlyCadbury Dairy take out FreddoCadbury BoostBournvilleCreme EggCaramilkCrispy CrunchCrunchieDairy MilkFingersFlakeFudgeMini EggsPicnicRosesShotsSnackStar BarFormer BrandsAztec (UK)AnimalsCountry expression (UK)Crave (Australia)Creme Egg Mint (UK)Dairy Milk Almond HoneyDairy Milk Orange ChipsDairy Milk with Shortcake BiscuitDairy Milk with Creme EggDairy Milk CrispiesDairy Milk WaferDouble Decker with NutsDream with StrawberryFrysChocolateChocolate Cream dark chocolate with fondant centre red gum CreamOrange CreamFive Centres (no longer in production)Turkish DelightGreen BlacksGreen Blacks is range of upscale organic and fair trade chocolate. The Maya Gold variety was the first UK product to be awarded Fairtrade certification in 1994. Green Blacks also produces a range of ice cream, biscuits, and hot chocolate.MilkWhiteMaya Gold dark chocolate with orange and spicesAlmondRaisin HazelnutHazelnut CurrantMintCaramelCherryGingerButterscotchHazelnut, Almond brazil-nut treeEspresso dark chocolate with coffee flavour darkening AlmondSweetsBassettsLiquorice allsortsFruit AllsortsDesert AllsortsSports MixtureJelly BabiesMilky BabiesFruity BabiesParty Babies sherbert LemonsFruit BonbonsLemon BonbonsPear DropsDolly mixtureSweetshop FavouritesAssorted ToffeesMurray MintsMint CreamsMint FavouritesImperialsImperials Spea rmintEverton MintsAnimal MixSnakesSour SquirmsSour SquirmsMaynardsSoursMidget Gems haired PeachFruit GumsWine GumsSwedish BerriesMints and chewing gumTreborMintsExtra Strong MintsExtra Cool MintsSpearmintsSoftmintsSoftmints PeppermintSoftfruitsSoftmints Ice (Pakistan)Mini Mints24-7TridentTrident SoftPeppermintSpearmintTropical TwistStrawberry SmoothieTrident SplashStrawberry and LimeVanilla and MintRaspberry and PeachApple and Apricot citrus fruit and BlackberryTrident FreshOooh PeppermintAahh SpearmintCoool LemonTrident Sweet KicksMint with ChocolateHollywood Chewing GumOriginalStyleSphere2 FreshSweet GumCadbury AdamsCadbury Adams products.MiscellaneousBeveragesBournvitaCocoaOrange Crush (Canada)Cool Ridge spring water (Australia)Export Cola (Australia)Highlights low small calorie hot chocolateHighlights ChocolateHighlights Dark ChocolateHighlights MintHighlights OrangeHighlights FudgeHighlights ToffeeHighlights Caf LatteHighlights EspressoDrinking Chocolate hot chocolate demo lishInstant Hot ChocolatePassiona (Australia)Spring Valley Juice (Australia)Solo (Australia)BakingBournville CocoaCooking ChocolateMilk Cooking ChocolateDark Cooking ChocolateMinisButtons MinisCurls MinisSprinkles MinisOthersBytes (India)Cadbury Dairy Milk Ice Cream Chocolate chip ice creamCake prohibitCake bars Milk ChocolateCake Bars Fruit NutCake Bars CaramelCake Bars Mint CrispCake Bars Orange CrispCake Bars Strawberry JamChocolate GateauChocolate TartMilk Chocolate Spread (Produced under licence by Premier Foods)Mini RollsMini Rolls Milk ChocolateMini Rolls CaramelMini Rolls StrawberryVichy Pastilles (Cadbury France)Employeesthe last time this was recorded in 2008 it was 71,657Cadbury is more than a business, it is a British institution with worldwide reach and employees across 60 countries. So whilst the investors, shareholders and foreign competitors savour the chance to make a quick buck, loose a thought for the 45,000 Cadbury employees who have many more months of unce rtainty ahead of them.Stakeholders analysis by Mendelows Matrix for CadburysFollowing categorisation of stakeholders in a manufacturing companyLow + Low Small customers, Small ShareholdersHigh + Low Major Customers, Central Govt, MediaLow + High Employees, Environmental Groups, Local CommunityHigh + High Institutional Investors, Local Planning AuthorityA Stakeholder Analysis is an approach that is frequently used to identify and investigate the Force Field formed by any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the objectives of an organization. Stakeholder Analysis identifies the ways in which stakeholders may influence the organization or may be influenced by its activities, as well as their attitude towards the organizationstakeholdersOwnersBuyersEmployeesThe power and influence of stakeholdersThe extent to which stakeholders affect the activities of an organisation depends on the relationship between the stakeholder and the organisation. Mendelows matrix provides a way of mapping stakeholders based on the power to affect the organisation and their interest in doing so. It identifies the responses which management needs to make to the stakeholders in the differentCadburysannualreport20082008 Highlights Base business1 tax revenue up 7% strong growth across emerging markets and focus brandso Good growth across all categories chocolate up 6%, gum up 10%, candy up 6%o Emerging markets up 12% five year compound average growth of 12%o Focus brands up 8% Cadbury Dairy Milk up 11%, Trident up 11%, and Halls up 9% Underlying margins up 150 bps driven by Vision into Action cost reduction initiativeso Reported margins up 180 bps to 11.9%o Price realisation offset input cost increases Strong financial performanceo Proforma EPS up 16% up 30% at reported currencyo Recommended final dividend of 11.1p (2007 10.5p) full year dividend 16.4p, up 6%o Improved sideboard on Invested Capital, up 110 bpso Secure financing average maturity of long- term debt 6 years Transformation of the business into a category-led pure-play confectionery companyo Demerger of Dr Pepper Snapple Group accomplished in Mayo Announced a conditional agreement to sell Australia Beverages for 550m(Except where state all movements use constant currency see Basis of Preparation on page 3 for impact of exchange)Todd Stitzer, Cadburys CEO said In 2008, Cadbury completed its transformation into a pureplayconfectionery company. Our strong revenue growth and significant improvement in operatingmargin demonstrate the relative resilience of our concentrate business model. Whilst we will not beimmune from the continued weak economic environment, at this early stage in 2009, we expectto deliver revenue growth around the lower end of our 4-6% goal range and to make goodprogress toward our goal of mid-teens margins by 2011.Results for the year 2008The Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2008 are presented in the appropriate section of this Rep ort.The summary of performance is as followsThe Group The Company2008 2007 2008 2007Nm Nm Nm NmTurnover 24,298 19,937 21,729 18,018Loss before Tax (2,848) (4,198) (3,087) (3,987)Group turnover grew 22% (2007 4%) with Gross Margin at 27% (2007 23%). Loss before taxation also improvedcompared to the prior year with a reduction of N1.4 billion or 32%. Loss after tax increased due to the decreased impactof the deferred tax credit in the current year compared to the preceding year.Investment in fixed assets was moderate at N0.6 billion (2007 N0.7 billion) for the year. As a result of the decrease inoperating cash flows, there was an increase in overdrafts and short term borrowings of N73.5 million compared to areduction of N1.5 billion in the prior year. Interest paid increased to N2.1 billion (2007 N1.9 billion) arising fromincreased borrowings during the year as well as an increase in borrowing pass judgment from an average of 13% in 2007 to anaverage of 16.5% in 2008. The cost of in terest on bank borrowings makes equity re-financing necessary to acceleratethe ability to pay future dividends. These results show a good growth of the business in spite of the circumstance of2006, and reflect the benefits of our strategic focus, which will see us advancing our hawkish position even further inResponsibilities of Cadburys to its stakeholders and the strategiesStakeholdersAny individual or group that has a legitimate interest in an organisation and what it does and capacity to solvent the organisationThere are three type of stakeholders in an organisationInternalConnectedExternalInternalIntimately connected and lot of influence over how the organisation runConnectedOutside the organisation but have a vested interest in the success of the organisationShareholders /owners return on inv is their prime interest, ethical performance can be importantBankers security of loanCustomer -want the product or service , large customer have influence over price , quality and devel opmentSuppliers receive paymentExternalDiverse objective and a vary ability to influence the organisatione.g central governmentlocal governmentpressure groupTo stakeholders, key legal responsibilities eg consumer employment, disability discrimination and health and safety, diversity and equalopportunities, stakeholder pensions wider responsibilities including ethical, environmental and ethical practice. (HNC Business, 2010).stakeholders1. Owners2. Buyers3. EmployeesCadbury Cocoa PartnershipIn 2008 Cadbury set up the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership to secure the economic, social and environmental sustainability of around a million cocoa farmers and their communities in Ghana, India, Indonesia and the Caribbean, throughImproving cocoa farmer incomes by helping farmers increase their yields and produce top quality beansIntroducing new sources of rural income through microfinance and business tin and introducing additional income streamsInvesting in community led development to improve life in cocoa communitiesWorking in partnership Farmers, governments, NGOs, international agencies and local organisations will work together to decide how the funding is spent and turn plans into actionThis ground-breaking initiative, which is carried out in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other partners, marked 100 years since the Cadbury brothers first began trading in Ghana and aims to holistically support the development of sustainable cocoa growing communities. Cadbury is investing 45 million over 10 years.In June, 2009 Cadbury awarded Gold today for sustainable business practice by Business in the Community in their Corporate Responsibility Index, launches its Geography online educational resource this month. Skills Space supports the work of the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership and the Cadbury Dairy Milk Fairtrade certification.Skills Space enables students to learn about Ghana, how cocoa is grown, the lives of cocoa farmers, the mutualness between G hana and chocolate manufacturers, and discover more about sustainable farming.Alex Cole, Global Director of Corporate Affairs at Cadbury said As a global company, we have access to a huge amount of information and resources that can inspire and have real value to young people canvas business and associated subjects.We have always received a large number of enquiries from teachers and pupils looking for real-life case studies to support learning in the classroom. Skills Space has been developed in specific response to this demand, and we hope that this new online resource will prove to be a useful tool in their studies.Through Skill Space, Cadbury reflects that it is more important than ever for businesses to acknowledge the impact they have on society and the environment, and commit to tackling the issues, not just because they should, but because its good for business, as acknowledged in the BiTC CR Index.Main Aspects of Porters Five Forces AnalysisThe original competitive forces model, as proposed by Porter, identified five forces which would impact on an organizations behaviour in a competitive market. These include the following The rivalry between existing sellers in the market. The power exerted by the customers in the market. The impact of the suppliers on the sellers. The potential menace of new sellers entering the market. The threat of substitute products becoming available in the market.Understanding the nature of each of these forces gives organizations the necessary insights to enable them to formulate the appropriate strategies to be successful in their market. (Thurlby, 1998).The Degree of RivalryThe intensity of rivalry, which is the most obvious of the five forces in an industry, helps determine the extent to which the value created by an industry will be dissipated through head-to-head competition. The most valuable contribution of Porters five forces framework in this issue may be its suggestion that rivalry, while important, is only one o f several forces that determine industry attractiveness. This force is located at the centre of the diagram Is most likely to be high in those industries where there is a threat of substitute products and existing power of suppliers and buyers in the market.The Threat of EntryBoth potential and existing competitors influence average industry profitability. The threat of new entrants is usually based on the market entry barriers. They can take diverse forms and are used to prevent an influx of firms into an industry whenever profits, adjust for the cost of capital, rise above zero. In contrast, entr

Organisation Management and Change Management in Virgin Trains

Organisation Management and revision Management in thoroughgoing(a) TrainsBackground of virginal Train thoroughgoing(a) was enjoying a bureaucratic structure of anxiety in the early days of its inception being a crack of the public sector It has completely revolutionised the way railway system operates Back in the old days the assures system in Britain was controlled by British Railways and whatsoever the bring in caution decided in those days was the order of the subordinate and they would experience to follow it without any objection.. Today it only takes a couple of hours from capital of the United Kingdom to Manchester which was unimaginable nearly 10-15 years ago. Currently there is no centralised reporting of the regional performance of British Rail. This step was taken break openicularly to pair the demands and of necessity of travellers and tourists in disparate regions of Britain. Each region has its bear plan of using and upgrades which allows them to gain co mpetitive advantage over other rail systems. The strategies do to maximise the profit and reducing costs of each regional office is the goal of the British Rail.(A)Relationship in the midst of Virgin Trains slew and socialization of the company pot is a long term strategy of a company. A vision does not define the goals that an plaque will be looking to achieve in the near afterlife but there is a mission that is expected to be achieved at some point of time. Vision is usually held by the top caution of the company as they are the acting stewards of the company. Vision allows the company to create a business plan which will include formation of lowly goals and formulating strategies to achieve those goals. It keeps on reminding the company about the direction in which it has to move and allow it to motivate itself. Mission statement is overly part of the Companys Vision. A vision goes further. It paints a picture in clear language of where the organisation is going, linked to the conducts it expects of every adept in the organisation. Vision is a huge perspective of what company necessitates and their approach to achieving their needs. terminus is defined by the way things are done in an organisation. The guru of a culture in an organisation is the top management they are the ones who govern the culture of an organisation. It is the behaviour and rules set by them which coiffure as a role model for their subordinates. The culture as explained in the case study of virgin ascertain is Collaborate (Clan) Culture. This culture pertains to the thinking of the management acting as parents to the employees. all the employees irrespective of the take aim of hierarchy they belong to Has a say in the management decisions and work as a team. The development and teaching of the staff are also given importance and care of their needs is taken of so that the final result is always a win-win situation.The CEO says that in order to follow the organisational vision the strategy is to breakdown the company vision into small achievable and measurable targets, so to comply with the performance management aspect of the company. The CEO of virgin train has clearly pointed out to its workers that he wants them to own the virgin railways. He wants employees to account for their own action, asses how effective they are in achieving organisational goals and bring about reformments in their work so to achieve the organisational goal. In practise vision is a way broad term than a mission.The three main elements of the Virgin Trains Visions is their strive to provide safe and reliable travel, to become and maintain a profi gameboard business and close but not the least instigating an environment which allows its employees to share their opinions about the progress of the organisation and that their views are given weightage in the decision making process.Hofstede, Geert (1977(B)Influence of culture on the castrate management of the Virgin Trains What is Change Management? in that location are three crucial steps of modify management namely planning, implementation and control. These steps are in relation to all those wad who are affected by a turn in the organisation. Change should always be brought aft(prenominal) consultation with the all the major stakeholders as they are the medium through which the change will be brought and their non-involvement can lead to a shield in change. There are some serious time and money invested in order to bring a change so it is expected that the change can be measurable, achievable and reliable. Infrastructural change does not require as much time and effort as to bringing a change in the mind-set of the people. For people to accept the change they need to be told why the change is brought and what is in profit for change how it will be implemented and how it is sustainable. Change be implemented and is it sustainable for future developments and research.One of the healthiest exe rcises for change is to have one on one contact with the key staff of the organisation who serve as the ingredient of the change and allow them equal participation in the change process so that the task of implementing the change becomes easy.It is interesting to greet that different people have different accept ability levels to change for some it is just a matter of time and understanding the parvenu ways of doing things but for some people that change is completely incompatible. Usually all the lower level staffs is communicated indirectly about change with memos and brochures. But there are people in this level of hierarchy as well who thinks that it is a call for them to leave the organisation. For people with such mind-sets there should be workshops and other training sessions being held so that they get the bigger picture behind the change brought. But if still there is resistance to change the organisation will have to consider inflammation that employee but inly as the last resource, following the philosophy that what does not align with the organisational goals is into an asset of a company but act as a liability.All in all change management is a process in which individual or organisation at large are invited to bring a transition from their authorized position to a desired position in the future. Example of change management includes change in mission, strategy, technology, operations and in the behaviour and attitude of the personnel.Robert A. Sevier, July, 2003, Jayme Alexandre, Jan 2009Virgin trains have always kept an optimistic and forward looking approach. They make plans as to what they can do in their foreseeable future and audition to implement the learning from their past to their future. It is a view prevailing in the business world that there is a strong link between the vision and the culture of an organisation. There is no doubt in the notion that the behaviour of the managers of an organisation set the tone for the subordinate and the approach in which the organisation wants their employees to go about things. Virgin trains value their employee and thinks that customer aid is a CSF (Critical success constituent).a as responding to the ever changing environment and changing customer needs with it. To bring a change in an organisation a clear vision is required for the change to take built in bed smoothly. The managers of virgin train hope that the way for their organisational success is to listen to their customer feedback and then(prenominal) try to implement what is lacking in the current management structure. They believe that I is the lower level staff i.e. the technical support and logistics which comes in to interactions with the customers and in order to bring change these people those be given the task of implementing the change.It is the culture of virgin train is to delegate authorities to its staff so to allow them the bring change. They believe their lower level staffs are technically and commercially most skilled and commensurate to bring the change. Managers believe that employee would actively take part in the running of the company. They think that employees should be asking question, bring radical ideas, and be ready to disaccord and give better options on how to operate the Company and bring change. For Example The employees of virgin train as their care for the environment and sustainable development urged the management to encourage recycling in offices and trains and Virgin train complied with it.The Change in Virgin train is aided with the help of strategies to support and bring the change. The primary precept of virgin train is to remain a profitable organisation. The key to this I customer retention which can only be done by providing the customers with a top notch and cost effective service. Virgin train realises that to achieve its objective they would have to cater to the needs of their customers. There usually two bands of customers one who value cost for which the cost leadership model is followed and the other ones who value quality of service being provided and there they belong to the niche market and want specialised and unique customer service which is in fact the reason they are paying the premium for.The management has the aim to train their front government note employees as individual and independent leaders. They are given the opportunity to learn from their job i.e. given on the job training and development. The new-made strategy of Virgin Train is to put Customer First. The front line employees are expected to enhance customer experience by responding and catering to their needs and from their interaction with the customers try to devise and recommend new methods of operation to top management so that the customer experience can be further improved. The role of the managers in this scenario is to advance the morale and confidence of tits employee, motivate them with incentives and try to get the scoop out ou t of them and whatever feedback and new ideas they get from their employees they should try to implement that.Joanne Martin, 2001(C)Contribution of the Virgin Trains Organisation coordinate in the Change ManagementThe organisational structure of a company plays a vital role in the change management process. Virgin Train has to convey different strategies that could adapt to their organisational structure which allows flexibility, empowerment, independence, delegation of authorities and participation in decision making to its employees. The hierarchy of management in such organisation is although quite extensive but is immiscible so that the work of a higher level could in some circumstances be done by a lower level depending on the authorities and responsibilities of the person at lower level. Some of the Examples of the way Virgin Trains Operates will be discussed from here on. To discuss the current and future strategy thee are regular meetings held between the employees and th e management. In these meetings the priorities for the business is rethought if, important matters needing management attention are discussed and the implementation of any new best practise in to the business model. In the meeting every region brings something new and important to share which allows the management to take decision based on past data for the future so that Virgin Group can gain an advantage over their peers. Each region May have people with different cultures and values so it is important that Virgin train responds to the needs of each region separately and bring such business strategies into play which benefit both the customers and serve the organisational purpose as well. Feedback from customers and mangers in different regions of operation of virgin train are always welcomed by managers as it allows them to k straight what elements of their service needs improvement and which of their current service is highly rated by its customers so that management know what a reas need more time to be spent to improve their overall performance. For Example Feedback from customers on matter such as, what should be the menus of the flight and how much is the current ticket packages are suitable for them. Other than this what new destination should virgin start flights for and how often these flights should take place, this and many other related information helps management to take things head on which is always a factor for a customer when making travelling decisions. All these Ideas are taken in by the manger sand the ones which seems to be the most important and brought to the table with other top management and lowers staff as well to decide which ones will filter through the consensus in the decision making process and then how these can be implemented. This activity instigate a feeling of intrinsic reward in the employees who brought forwards the idea sand the feedback in the first place and it encourages them to do their work efficiently and discuss with the management as they believe their say hold an importance to the company.Besides welcoming change and giving feedback, the management of virgin also encourage constructive criticism i.e. challenging the ideas of other in an appropriate way. Employees are given 3 days workshops to train them how to take up and deliver constructive feedback. They are also taught about the vision of the Virgin Trains and how the leadership style currently undertook by the management of the Virgin Train affects them at workplace. Other than this some of the important outcomes of the workshops are mentioned below.It provides the employees an environment to share their opinions and thoughts about the organisation. Employees at different levels of the hierarchy come across each other, get to know each other and create a social environment which allows them the time to share things since they have been employed, so erasing personal differences if any. Employees get an idea of why the change is brou ght, how it will affect them and provides an opportunity to share individual concerns about the change if any.The HR Department go Virgin Train actively take part in the development and training of their employees. They consider themselves as the drivers of the change and have always followed the organisational strategy will revolve around on people. They tend to reward employees where they have performed well and such employees are then presented at various levels as a token of their achievement and an appreciation of the work they have done for Virgin Trains. Various award ceremonies are also held to reward individual and teams where they had performed well.Virgin Train also plays their CSR role (Corporate Social Responsibility) as they believe dignifies behaviour towards their environments and also in a way towards their employees. This approach shows their customers and staff that they care about their environment and does not always act in their personal profits. But in Essenc e what Virgin Trains is doing here is to earn the respect of the people and therefore it allows them to retain customers. An example of the charitable work done is to make donations to the CLIC Sargent which collects money to be spent on child cancer patients. It is therefore not wrong to say that Virgin Trains flow its organisational with Bottom to top Approach and their workshops helps in in this process.Cameron, Kim S. Quinn, Robert E. 1999(D) Strategies Implemented For Change Management Process in the Organisation and its EffectivenessThere few strategies which the management has adopted in order to manage the change process in Virgin Trains. Again any strategy made will be in alignment of the vision.At the recruitment process it is important to take note of that people who share the same vision and promote he same behaviour as encourages at virgin Trains should be selected.The approximation process is another crucial stage ways of realising the work that an employee has done in a fixed period of time. Usually a 360 degree appraisal is the most popular method of appraisals, as it involves the customer, the employee and the manager, all of whom play a vital role in the business process. In interchange with the employee their contribution and development to the business should be notified and what personal short term and long term goals have the employee set for themselves.A tool made by virgin train to assess the need for promotion for an individual is the Talent Wheel. This is a set combination of behaviour, motivation, passion and knowledge and skills requirement which when fulfilled by an employee suggest that that employee is now worthy of a higher post or designation.There is plenty of learning opportunities for employees at various levels in the organisation. Internal and external courses are regularly held keeping in mind the training and developing needs of individuals and the departments in which the employee is working. In these courses basica lly the coaching skills are taught and how to take part in discussion and the importance of accepting responsibility.For front line staff and managers leadership curriculums are held to equip them to handle issues in a better way.The change management program of virgin Train is an on-going process which would have to be reviewed regularly to ensure that the change in the culture is smooth transition and is will be meeting the organisational objective. The motive behind the cultural change is not only to cope with employees in a better way but it is to operate the business in the most efficient way securing the organisational goal of maximising it profits.KPIs or key performance indicator is an effective tool foe measuring the performance of an organisation. either organisations business is based on some key indicator or elements the fluctuations in which serious affect the business so if virgin train could row such indicators than it would know in what direction it is moving.Some of the KPIs that Virgin uses are Sickness days/ days off, Staff turnover rates, Customer satisfaction and complaints. There can be many other indicators but these are the most important ones.Due to the strategy and the vision of Virgin Trains there has been cost parsimony reported in recent years due the discussion of management with the frontline employee and more often the employees take exception the managements decision which are then reviewed and implemented as a result of which company saves some valuable money. A recent example of this kind of work is that done by the Manchester division. What they did was to create a new ticket as a result of a problem face by a customer who was going to and fro from Huddersfield. The customer had to make a new ticket for the second part of the journey and this problem was sorted out by the people working in front line and a new ticket was issued which could work both ways.David Herold, Donald Fedor,(2008)ConclusionThere is no doubt that virgin train continues to provide its customer with high quality serve and well-to-do travel. The companys focus on their customers and employees has served as a booster for their performance and this is the reason they are way forward than their competitors.The involvement of employees in the decision making and their ability to bring solution to the business problems which are thought of from the customer point of view is another reason for virgin trains success. The management has fed the employees that they should continue to challenge the current practises and keep trying to come up with new ways of more effective ways of doing things. All in All it is the caring of employee, focus on customer satisfaction and the management leadership skills which have put Virgin Trains on the path of success.

How Could Religion Cause Violence Religion Essay

How Could Religion Cause Violence Religion EssayHow could religion cause craze? near all religions around the world ar based on love, peace and order. They all film certain rules and principles that hold love, peace, and order together within a society, but as the widely known saying states Rules be meant to be broken m either flock twist and misinterpret the sacred texts give care the Bible, the Quran, the Torah, etc. Even though religions around the world are considered to be inactive and harmless, still every single religion in the world and its texts induct been miscons aline or misinterpreted. The results of this are motivation and justification for violence. This essay will explore the various causes for violence in the religions around the world, and it will closely discuss that violence is, in fact, caused by the people who practice religion, instead of religion itself, influenced by other factors outside of it.Religion does posses a potential for extremism becaus e it deals with extreme things. People batch compromise with small disputes over borders and territory, but people endnot compromise with the will of God since it is absolute. However, religion should be based on love, but it can readily be transformed into the opposite-hatred. It is the same as the passionate love between a man and a woman can be transformed into bloody jealousy. Often enough religion has been viewed as the prime suspect for violence between ethnic groups or within them. Religion can cause violence by misinterpretation of the messages that the sacred texts are supposed to send, and a lot of the sacred texts are, in fact, misinterpreted and because of that, extremists find inspiration and justification that it is in their religion that they have to put to work violence upon others (Hitchcock).A lot of the ancient and modern, major dates are considered to be connected to religion in some way. Any religion can be used as an excuse for violence. For example, The Crusade Wars resulted in a lot of bloodshed on both Christian and Muslim sides of the mass conflict. Jews have committed genocide over nations for the sole reason to fulfill their cause. The war in 1991 in Yugoslavia pitted Catholic, Orthodox Christians, and Muslims against each other in a very bloody war. Violence in religion even exceeds conflicts between different ethnic groups it also happens within the same ethnic groups. In Burma, thousands of monks are being tortured and executed. Also during the Christian Reformation thousands of people were killed because of their unearthly beliefs. All of the followers of these religions meand that they were doing the right thing by going to war to foster their religion, eradicate the heretics or non believers, or to gain control over the holy land (Hopfe).On the contrary, every religion in the world is a peaceful whiz. In not one single religion that exists or existed, in both past and present, preaches violence to solutions of existe ntial problems. In every single one of the sacred texts, the Torah, the Quran, the Bible, the Theravadas and all the others, there are principles and rules that require people to abide by them. These principles forbid murder, stealing, or doing any harm to any human, and sometimes any other being in the world. They are based on justice and impartiality, they dont tolerate terrorism or any other kind of extremism, in fact, they destine it.In all of the examples that were stated above, it would seem that religious beliefs of people are the reason for major conflicts and various violent acts. That is not the case in fact, the true reasons violence ever happens are economic, political, and even ethnic disputes. Even in the cultures that religion plays a vital part of everyday life there is zippo like a pure religious conflict. There is always some other outside factors involved. It could never be, and it never has been broad enough to cause terrorism or any kind of extreme violence. P eople only use religion as a justification for a violence rhetoric or behavior (Cline). For example, economics play a major role in conflicts that are attributed to religion. Many soldiers that fought in the crusades went for the wealth they would acquire from all the plundering they would do, out from liberating the holy land from the Muslims. The Muslims, on the other hand, they can also be seen fighting for the economic perspective. They fought to preserve their recently conquered land, to protect and harvest the resources from it and collect taxes from the people that live there. So if the sole reason people go into these conflicts is their economic gain, than when the economic factor is taken out of the equation, people wont have anything to conflict about the justification would be removed. So this same example should be considered for religion also. Even if religion is not the factor, it could still be called a religious conflict, if justifications are provided by religion. The existence of other factors means that the removal of religion might not end the conflict, but the removal of the primary justifications and explanations would have to put up significant changes in how the conflict is understood and pursued, not to mention its ultimate goals (Cline). This means that religion is only the justification for a conflict, and when religion is removed from a conflict the real reasons are exposed the reasons like hatred and greed for power and wealth. In fact, just because a lot of the people who engage in violence, like warfare and terrorism in the world happen to be religious, or claim any kind of religion and religious doctrines as their reasons for acting, doesnt of necessity mean that religion caused them to do those things. Indeed, for every violent religious extremist, there are many more people living peacefully aside from them who exercise their same beliefs but just choose to act in a different way. For example, for every violent Al Qaida Mus lim terrorist in the world, there are many more innocent, Muslim people simply trying to go about their lives, and if they sympathize with Al Qaida, they are not agreeing with any violent extreme, which makes a huge difference in perspective. What about people that say that they act in accordance with their religion and wage holy wars? Even if the people believe that statement, the religious doctrine itself is not the cause of violence instead, the person that acts with that justification is the cause of violence. People wage wars, religions do not. They simply use it as a tool to bring and unite others so they can achieve their personal, egoistic goals. In other words, religion is being used as an excuse by holy warriors that do not tolerate other religions. If they understand any kind of free will or the concept of human individualism, than they will give that it is not the doctrine, rhetoric or the religion, but it is the individual that is responsible for his or her own actions (Newell).Although religion is still considered to preach peace and love, some of the messages religion sends are misinterpreted by individuals, which is the cause of violence. The biggest reason violence is connected to religion is because individuals that are driven by greed and hatred towards other religions, twist the views of a specific religion, and present their deferred standpoint to others, so by involving God or any other supreme being they would get more followers. It is not the religion or the belief itself, but it is the actions of the individual that cause mass damage and violence between people. If perhaps people actually lived the good principles and not the interpretations of the principles of religion like charity, forgiveness, and personal accountability, the world might, it just might be a better place (Newell).

The Oceans - A Storehouse of Undiscovered Drugs and Medicines Essay

The Oceans - A Storehouse of Undiscovered Drugs and musicsThe health of human populations requires a wide innovation of chemical and physical supports from both local ecosystems and from the global ecosystem. The subject of this paper is the indirect relationship between biodiversity and human health, particularly with regard to coral bring down ecosystems. Coral reefs be the most diverse ecosystems in the sea. High diversity density gives rise to intense species competition and the subsequent organism capability to bring into being exotic defensive and offensive chemicals, many with pharmacological value (Adey 2000). It is estimated that less than ten percent of reef biodiversity is occurrently known, and scarcely a small share of that percentage has been tested for active compounds. However, coral reefs face numerous hazards and threats, both natural and anthropogenic. Current estimates note that ten percent of all coral reefs are degraded beyond recovery. Thirty per cent are in critical condition and may die within ten to twenty years. Experts predict that if current pressures are allowed to continue unabated, sixty percent of the worlds coral reefs may die completely by 2050 (Hazards to Coral Reefs). Many species that exist only in coral reef ecosystems will likely become extinct in the coming decades, and the pharmacological potential that these species hold will be disoriented forever.Most of the drugs in use today have come from nature. Three common examples include aspirin, morphine, and penicillin. In the old days you could wander around a corn field or up in a forest, take little dirt samples, bring them back to the laband what do you know? Youd found microorganisms that produce streptomycin, or actinomycin, or... ...icles/june_03/marine_pharmacology.pdfHazards to Coral Reefs. 18 Jan. 2004. NOAA. .Kerr, Russell, Drugs from the Sea Will the Next Penicillin Come from a Sponge?. .Marine Pharmaceuticals. .Mestel, Rosie. Drugs from the Sea. Discover March 1999.Rayl, A.J.S. Oceans Medicine Chests of the Future? The Scientist 27 Sept. 1999. .---. Reaping Pharmacological Benefits from the Oceans. The Scientist 11 Oct. 1999. .Small, A., Adey, W., and Spoon, D., 1998, Are Current Estimates of Coral Reef Biodiversity Too Low? The View Through the Window of a Microcosm. Atoll. query Bulletin, 458, 1-20.

Greed and the Death of Professional Sports Essay -- Argumentative Pers

Greed and the Death of Professional Sports         Show me the m angiotensin-converting enzymey, screamed Rod.  Cmon Jerry, show me themoney  We vividly remember this famous line from the hit movie, JerryMaguire.  The parsimonious football player, Rod Tidwell, screams theseunforgettable lines trying to convince his agent that he will not settlefor any less than a top sawbuck salary as the flashy Arizona Cardinal widereceiver.  This scene exemplifies what has happened to master key sportsin recent years.  The focus of professional sports has evolved from one ofteam formulate and camaraderie to one of avarice and greed.  The specificproblems in recent years that have stemmed off this overwhelming greedinclude exorbitant salaries, lockouts (or work stoppages) in professionalsports, and the growing disparity among team payrolls.         Most recognize these issues as major problems however, others overlook the greed and see validity in the financial aspect of todayssports world.  They lay out that professional sports are thriving and shouldnot be modified.  They also contend that sometimes lockouts are unavoidableand are often the only way to work out problems.  The opposition reasonsthat professional teams with huge payrolls deserve all the money becausethey worked hard to get where they are.  They argue that most players workhard to become keen athletes and therefore they deserve enormous salaries.They also plead that lockouts are healthy for professional sports becausethey help each sport continually evolve and adapt to pertly problems it faces. While the opposition does not notice the gr... ...roblems though, or they will lose everything. Works Cited Abert, Daniel.  Pact Ends NHL Lockout. Monthly Labor Review 118 (1995)76. Baseball Owners Approve impermanent Revenue Sharing. Available Onlinewww.espnet.sportzone.com/editors/mlb/features /0321meeting.html Bergman, Ray.  My Baseball Dream. Baseball Parks 1 (1996) 1. Dortch, Shannon.  The Future of Baseball. American Demographics 18 (1996)25-30. Jerry Maguire. Dir. Cameron Crowe. Perf. Tom Cruise, Cuba Gooding Jr. Tri-Star Pictures, 1996. Licter, Richard. Magical Season. Milwaukee Journal discoverer 12 Oct. 1998,1. McGraw, Dan. Baseball Celebrates, Fans Yawn. US News. 2 Nov.  1998, 1. NFL on CBS. Writ. Tom Weinert. Perf. Al Michaels, Henry Tevers, and Brian Green. CBS, New York. 26 Nov. 1998.